Causal inference in coupled human and natural systems

Coupled human and natural systems.

Humans have continuously interacted with natural systems, resulting in the formation and development of coupled human and natural systems (CHANS). Recent studies reveal the complexity of organizational, spatial, and temporal couplings of CHANS. These couplings have evolved from direct to more indirect interactions, from adjacent to more distant linkages, from local to global scales, and from si...

Causal inference in studies and medical articles

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Complexity of coupled human and natural systems.

Integrated studies of coupled human and natural systems reveal new and complex patterns and processes not evident when studied by social or natural scientists separately. Synthesis of six case studies from around the world shows that couplings between human and natural systems vary across space, time, and organizational units. They also exhibit nonlinear dynamics with thresholds, reciprocal fee...

Modeling Causal Interaction Between Human Systems and Natural Systems

Understanding human decisions in coupled natural and human systems

Global human population increased exponentially during the ast 200 hundred years (Vitousek, 1994), and very soon the earth ill be home to over seven billion people (U.S. Census Bureau, 011). Human activity reshapes the environment to such a degree hat rarely, if ever, do pure or “pristine” ecosystems remain immune rom human impact (Dompka, 1996; Vitousek et al., 1997). Humans ppropriate up to 4...